Legal Authority: Men in Rome possessed legal rights that reflected their dominant position in society, including the right to contract, own property, and hold public office.
Political Activity: Political participation was also considered an important component of male identity. Managing state affairs, including rhetoric and public speaking, was a key arena for demonstrating masculine qualities.
Military Art: Masculine energy was closely connected with the military sphere. Military successes were considered the pinnacle of male valor. Successful military commanders, such as Julius Caesar and Scipio Africanus, embodied the ideal of Roman masculinity.
